FG Loop Peptide, FGL(L)
Evidence Grade C — Moderate human evidence. 253 published studies, 91 human. 0 registered clinical trials.
FGL is a 15-amino-acid peptide derived from a brain adhesion protein (NCAM), designed to mimic a specific growth factor interaction involved in learning and memory. A Phase I trial in healthy volunteers demonstrated that intranasal delivery was well tolerated. It has no marketing authorisation.
253 published studies: 91 human, 89 animal, 27 in-vitro, 15 reviews
FGL has no marketing authorisation. A Phase I trial (24 healthy volunteers) of intranasal FGL demonstrated tolerability with only mild adverse events. Preclinical studies reported effects on memory in animal models.
The compound has progressed further through formal development than many research peptides, having completed a Phase I safety study. However, no efficacy trials have been conducted in patients, and clinical development beyond Phase I has not been reported.
Research suggests FGL mimics a natural protein-protein interaction between NCAM and the FGFR1 growth factor receptor, potentially activating downstream signalling pathways involved in neuronal survival and plasticity. These proposed mechanisms are based on cell culture and animal studies.
Research suggests multiple independent research groups (in Copenhagen, Madrid, Dublin, and Lausanne) have contributed studies, providing better cross-validation than most compounds at this stage. The completed Phase I trial (24 subjects) with a favourable safety profile is a meaningful milestone. However, no human efficacy data exist, and one animal study raised concerns about potentially lowering the seizure threshold — a safety question for people prone to epilepsy. The development company appears to be inactive, making the compound's clinical future uncertain. The long-term consequences of chronically activating the FGFR1 growth factor receptor — the compound's proposed mechanism — are not well understood.
No trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov for this compound.
The information on this page is provided for educational and research reference purposes only. This is not medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions.
Pinealon has no marketing authorisation from any major regulatory agency. No controlled human clinical trials have been conducted. The evidence base consists of in vitro cell studies and animal experiments published primarily by the originating research group. As with other Khavinson bioregulator peptides, the proposed mechanisms and the underlying theoretical framework have not been evaluated through conventional Western regulatory processes. Products available through unregulated channels lack pharmaceutical quality assurance.
Selank is approved in Russia for anxiety-related conditions. It has not been approved by the FDA, EMA, or other major Western regulatory agencies. The key clinical study (62 patients) compared Selank to a benzodiazepine in generalised anxiety disorder and reported comparable effects. Published clinical studies are predominantly Russian and have not undergone Western regulatory review. The evidence base does not meet FDA or EMA approval standards. Its regulatory status is limited to Russia and certain former Soviet states.
Semax is approved in Russia for stroke recovery and cognitive conditions. It has not been approved by the FDA, EMA, or other major Western regulatory agencies, and the clinical evidence base has not undergone Western regulatory review. Published clinical studies are predominantly Russian. The largest published study (110 stroke patients) reported correlations between treatment and BDNF levels. The evidence does not meet the standards typically required for FDA or EMA approval. Its regulatory status is limited to Russia and certain former Soviet states.
