KEDA
Evidence Grade C — Moderate human evidence. 18 published studies, 13 human. 0 registered clinical trials.
Livagen is a synthetic tetrapeptide from the Khavinson bioregulator programme in Russia, proposed to target liver tissue. No human clinical trials have been conducted and it has no approval from any major regulatory agency. The evidence consists of laboratory cell studies from the originating research group.
18 published studies: 13 human, 5 animal, 3 in-vitro, 0 reviews
Livagen has no marketing authorisation from any major regulatory agency. No human clinical trials have been conducted. The evidence base consists of ex vivo lymphocyte studies and the broader Khavinson bioregulation research programme.
As with other Khavinson bioregulator peptides, the proposed mechanisms have not been independently validated through conventional drug development processes. Products available through unregulated channels lack pharmaceutical quality assurance.
Research from the Khavinson group proposes that Livagen may reverse age-related chromatin condensation in liver cells. Studies using lymphocytes from elderly donors reported activation of ribosomal genes and chromatin structural changes. These observations are part of the Khavinson bioregulation theoretical framework.
Research suggests Livagen has somewhat stronger mechanistic evidence than most Khavinson peptides, with studies on chromatin structure changes and enzyme activity published in indexed journals. However, no registered human clinical trials exist, no pharmacokinetic data are available, and there is no independent Western replication. As with all Khavinson bioregulator peptides, the proposed tissue-specific effects have not been validated through conventional drug development processes. Products from unregulated channels lack pharmaceutical quality assurance.
No trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov for this compound.
The information on this page is provided for educational and research reference purposes only. This is not medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before making any health-related decisions.
Exenatide was the first GLP-1 receptor agonist approved anywhere, reaching the market as Byetta in April 2005. The once-weekly formulation Bydureon followed in 2012. Clinical trials showed blood sugar reductions (HbA1c) of 1.6–1.9% and modest weight loss of 2–4 kg. The EXSCEL cardiovascular outcomes trial, involving over 14,700 patients, showed a trend toward cardiovascular benefit but narrowly missed statistical significance. While exenatide was groundbreaking as the first in its class, it has been largely overtaken by newer GLP-1 treatments that offer greater efficacy, less frequent dosing, and proven cardiovascular benefits. It remains available and in clinical use, particularly in combination products.
Lixisenatide was marketed as Adlyxin in the US (approved July 2016), though it has since been discontinued in the US market. The ELIXA cardiovascular trial, involving over 6,000 patients, was the first cardiovascular outcomes trial for any GLP-1 medication to report results. It showed a neutral cardiovascular profile — neither harmful nor beneficial — meeting safety requirements but not demonstrating the heart benefits later shown by semaglutide and liraglutide. Lixisenatide found its primary clinical role in combination with basal insulin, marketed as Soliqua (lixisenatide plus insulin glargine). This combination addresses both fasting blood sugar (via insulin) and post-meal spikes (via lixisenatide) in a single daily injection. As a standalone treatment, it has been largely superseded by more potent GLP-1 medications.
Pramlintide is marketed as Symlin (approved March 2005) and remains the only approved amylin-based treatment. It is used alongside mealtime insulin in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Clinical trials showed modest blood sugar improvements (HbA1c reductions of 0.2–0.6%) and approximately 2.3 kg of weight loss — less dramatic than GLP-1 treatments but meaningful as an add-on therapy. Symlin carries a boxed warning for severe hypoglycaemia, particularly when combined with insulin, and requires careful dose adjustment. Practical uptake has been limited by the need for separate injections at each meal alongside existing insulin injections. Despite its modest clinical impact, pramlintide remains the only medication that addresses the amylin deficiency in diabetes, filling a distinct biological role that GLP-1 treatments do not cover.
